Archives
26/03: Osama Bin Laden - a bit about him...
1957 |
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| Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden is born in Riyadh. He is 17th of 52 children sired by Muhammad Bin Laden--Saudi Arabia's wealthiest construction magnate. |
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1979 |
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| Bin Laden graduates from King Abdul Aziz University in Jiddah with a degree in civil engineering. |
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December 26, 1979 |
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| Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Bin Laden leaves Saudi Arabia to join the Afghan resistance (mujahedeen). |
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1980-86 |
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| From the Pakistani border, bin Laden raises funds and provides the mujahedeen with logistical and humanitarian aid. |
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1986-89 |
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| According to Islamic sources, bin Laden participates in numerous battles during the Afghan war against the Soviets as a guerilla commander, including the fierce battle of Jalalabad which led the Soviets to finally withdraw from Afghanistan. |
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1988 |
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| Bin Laden establishes "al Qaeda," an organization of ex-mujahedeen and other supporters. Its mission is to channel fighters and funds to the Afghan resistance. |
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June 30, 1989 |
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| The National Islamic Front (NIF) stages a military coup and takes control of the Sudan. |
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1989 |
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| After the Soviets pull out of Afghanistan, bin Laden returns to Saudi Arabia a hero. He becomes involved in opposition movements to the Saudi monarchy while working for his family construction firm, the Bin Laden Group. |
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August 2, 1990 |
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| Iraq invades Kuwait. |
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April, 1991 |
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| Bin Laden flees Saudi Arabia, after being confined to Jiddah for his opposition to the Saudi alliance with the United States. He moves first to Afghanistan and then to Khartoum, Sudan by 1992 (Source: Newsweek 2/1/99). Sudan had begun to allow any Muslim into the country without a visa, in a display of Islamic solidarity. Allegedly, hundreds of suspected terrorists and ex-mujahedeen come to Sudan as a safe haven (Source: New York Times 9/21/98). |
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1991 |
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| US troops fight Persian Gulf War. After victory, the US establishes a large permanent military presence in the region, including Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is the land of "the two most holy places" in Islam--Mecca and Medina. |
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1992 |
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| According to the current indictment against bin Laden, from 1992 on, bin Laden and other Al Qaeda members stated privately within the organization that a) Al Qaeda should put aside its differences with Shiite Muslim terrorist organizations, including Iran and its affiliated terrorist group Hezbollah, to cooperate against the perceived common enemy, the United States and its allies; b) the US forces stationed on the Saudi peninsula, including both Saudi Arabia and Yemen, should be attacked; and c) the US forces stationed in the Horn of Africa, including Somalia, should be attacked. Bin Laden begins to set up legitimate businesses in the Sudan, including a tannery, two large farms, and a major road construction company. When Saudi Arabia began pressuring Pakistan to get rid of the mujahedeen near the border with Afghanistan, bin Laden reportedly paid for 480 Afghan vets to come work with him. The Sudanese leaders liked this wealthy Saudi who was enthusiastic about investing in their fledgling Islamic state. |
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| A bomb explodes in a hotel in Aden, Yemen, where US troops had been staying while en route to a humanitarian mission in Somalia. The bomb killed two Austrian tourists; the U.S. soldiers had already left. Two Yemeni Muslim militants, trained in Afghanistan and injured in the blast, are later arrested. US intelligence agencies allege that this was the first terrorist attack involving bin Laden and his associates (Source: New York Times 8/21/98). | |
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1993 |
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| Sudan is placed on State Department's list of countries that sponsor terrorist activities (Source: Washington Post 8/23/98). According to US government charges, bin Laden's followers try to obtain components of nuclear weapons and begin to work with Sudan's NIF to develop chemical arms (Source: US News and World Report 10/5/98). |
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February 26, 1993 |
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| World Trade Center bombing. |
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October 3 & 4th, 1993 |
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| Eighteen US troops are killed in an urban attack in Mogadishu, Somalia. American law enforcement, intelligence and national security officials are divided as to whether, as a federal indictment charges, bin Laden and his adherents helped train and arm the men who killed the US troops (Source: New York Times 2/8/99). |
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January 1994 |
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| According to US intelligence analysts, by January 1994, bin Laden was financing at least three terrorist training camps in North Sudan, where rebels from a half-dozen nations received training. (Source: New York Times 8/14/96) |
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April 9, 1994 |
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| The Saudi government revokes bin Laden's citizenship and moves to freeze his assets in Saudi Arabia because of his support for Muslim fundamentalist movements. (Source: New York Times 4/10/94) |
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1995 |
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| According to U.S. intelligence sources, bin Laden establishes extensive training and housing operations for foreign guerillas in northern Yemen near Saudi border. (Source: Washington Post 8/23/98) |
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February/March 1995 |
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| Ramzi Yousef, mastermind of the World Trade Center bombing, is captured in Pakistan and extradited to the United States. A search of his former residences leads investigators to believe he is financially linked to bin Laden. Also, he had stayed at a bin Laden financed guest house while in Pakistan. |
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June 1995 |
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| Unsuccessful assassination attempt on the life of the President of Egypt, Hosni Mubarak, in Addis Ababa. U.S. intelligence sources believe bin Laden was somehow linked. |
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August, 1995 |
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| Bin Laden wrote an open letter to King Fahd of Saudi Arabia calling for a campaign of guerrilla attacks in order to drive U.S forces out of the kingdom. |
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| Five Americans and two Indians are killed in the truck bombing of a US-operated Saudi National Guard training center in Riyadh. Bin Laden denies involvement but praises the attack (Source: Washington Post 8/23/98). | |
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May 1996 |
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| The Sudan expels bin Laden because of international pressure by the United States and Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden then moves back to Afghanistan. (Source: Jane's Intelligence Review 10/1/98) |
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| The four Saudi men accused of bombing the Saudi National Guard training center in Riyadh are beheaded in Riyadh's main square. Before their execution, they are coerced by the Saudi's into a public confession. In the confession, they claim to have read bin Laden communiqués. | |
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Spring 1996 |
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| President Clinton signed a top secret order that authorized the CIA to use any and all means to destroy bin Laden's network. |
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| A large truck bomb devastates the US military residence in Dhahran called Khobar Towers, killing 19 servicemen. The US military initially linked bin Laden to the attack but now believe a Saudi Shiite group was responsible (Source: Washington Post 8/23/98). U.S. investigators still believe bin Laden was somehow involved. | |
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August, 1996 |
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| A secret grand jury investigation begins against Osama bin Laden in New York. |
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August 23, 1996 |
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November, 1996 |
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| Gwynne Roberts conducts interview of bin Laden for the British documentary program Dispatches. Bin Laden threatens to wage an Islamic holy war against the United States and its allies if Washington does not remove its troops from the Gulf region (Source: Reuters 2/20/97). |
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May 1997 |
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| CNN airs an interview with bin Laden in which he criticizes US "occupation of the land of the holy places." |
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July 1997 |
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| According to Islamic sources, a US-backed multinational mercenary force is formed with the aim of abducting or killing bin Laden. Witnesses claim to see 11 black Land Cruisers crossing into the Afghan city of Khost along with 2 helicopters. A source said force was composed of 1000 non-US mercenaries. (Source: Mideast Mirror 7/14/97--al-Hayat & al-Arab) |
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| Bin Laden issues joint declaration with the Islamic Group, Al Jihad, the Jihad Movement in Bangladesh and the "Jamaat ul Ulema e Pakistan" under the banner of the "World Islamic Front," which stated that Muslims should kill Americans including civilians--anywhere in the world. | |
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May 1998 |
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| ABC's John Miller interviews bin Laden in Afghanistan. |
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June 1998 |
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| A raid is conducted in Albania against a cell of an Islamic terrorist movement by security personnel from the U.S. and Albania. Two suspected employees of bin Laden are arrested. The CIA takes custody of a van-load of documents and computer gear. Two weeks later, another raid was conducted and two more suspected bin Laden associates arrested. They were Egyptian nationals and were turned over to anti- terrorist officials in Egypt. All were associated with the Islamic Revival Foundation. (Source: Washington Post 8/12/98) |
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June 8, 1998 |
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| The grand jury investigation of bin Laden, initiated in 1996, issues a sealed indictment, charging Bin Laden with "conspiracy to attack defense utilities of the United States." Prosecutors charge that bin Laden heads a terrorist organization called al Qaeda, the base, and was a major financier of Islamic terrorists around the world. |
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June 10, 1998 |
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| ABC Nightline John Miller interview with bin Laden broadcast. |
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August 6, 1998 |
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| The Egyptian Jihad group sent the United States a warning: they would soon deliver a message to Americans "which we hope they read with care, because we will write it, with God's help, in a language they will understand." (Source: New York Times 8/21/98) |
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August 7, 1998 |
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| This is the eighth year anniversary of United Nations sanctions against Iraq and the ordering of U.S. troops into the Gulf region. Iraq informed the US Security Council that it was not going to tolerate the continuation of the sanctions beyond the eighth year anniversary. (Source: Daily Telegraph 8/12/98) Two simultaneous explosions at US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. The bomb in Nairobi, Kenya kills 213 people, including 12 US nationals, and injure more than 4,500 . The bomb in Dar es Salaam kills 11 and injures 85. No Americans died in the Tanzania bombing. |
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August 12, 1998 |
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| The Small Group of presidential advisors meet with Clinton, reportedly with evidence that bin Laden is looking to obtain weapons of mass destruction and chemical weapons to use against US installations (Source: New York Times 9/23/98). US intelligence also reportedly intercepted a mobile phone conversation between two of bin Laden's lieutenants that implicated them in the embassy bombings. (Source: Newsweek 8/31/98) |
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August 20, 1998 |
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US adds bin Laden's name to list of terrorists whose funds are targeted for seizure by US Treasury in order to shut down the financial pipelines that allegedly subsidize bin Laden's terrorist activities. (Source: Washington Post 8/28/98) |
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September 23, 1998 |
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| US senior administrative officials admit that they had no evidence that directly linked bin Laden to the Al Shifa factory at the time of retaliatory strikes on Aug 20. Intelligence officials found financial transactions between bin Laden and the Military Industrial Corporation--a company run by the Sudan's government. (Source: New York Times 9/23/98) |
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October 1998 |
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| The Sunday Times of London reports that bin Laden is sending Islamic mercenaries to Kashmir to support an Islamic secession campaign. |
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October 7, 1998 |
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| Arabic newspaper al-Hayat claims bin Laden has acquired nuclear weapons from Soviet Central Asian countries using a network of "influential friends". Others are skeptical. (Source: UPI 10/7/98) |
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November 4, 1998 |
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| A new superceding indictment is issued against bin Laden, Muhammad Atef and a host of other suspects. They are charged with bombing of two US embassies and conspiring to commit other acts of terrorism against Americans abroad. Two rewards of $5 million each are offered for Atef and bin Laden. Atef is described as bin Laden's chief military commander. |
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December 22, 1998 |
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| Bin Laden summons Rahimullah Yusufzai, a reporter for Pakistan's The News, Time Magazine and John Miller of ABC News, to his tented encampment in Afghanistan's Helmand province for interviews. |
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December 23, 1998 |
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| TIME correspondent conducts interview with Osama bin Laden. |
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December 24, 1998 |
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| ABC's second interview with Osama bin Laden is broadcast on ABC News. |
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January 11, 1999 |
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| TIME and Newsweek publish interviews with Osama bin Laden that were conducted in late December. |
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January 16, 1999 |
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| The US Attorney's office files its most complete indictment to date of Osama bin Laden and 11 other suspected members of his terrorist organization. The grand jury charges the men for conspiring to kill American nationals. The first count of the indictment charges that several of the co-defendants, acted with other members of "al Qaeda," a worldwide terrorist organization led by bin Laden, in a conspiracy to murder American citizens. The objectives of the terrorist group allegedly include: killing members of the American military stationed in Saudi Arabia and Somalia; killing United States embassy employees in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; and concealing the activities of the co-conspirators by, among other things, establishing front companies, providing false identity and travel documents, engaging in coded correspondence, and providing false information to the authorities in various countries. |
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May 29, 2001 |
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| Four followers of Osama bin Laden are found guilty of charges stemming from the 1998 US embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-Owhali, Khalfan Khamis Mohamed, Mohammed Saddiq Odeh, and Wadih El Hage are convicted of charges including murder, conspiracy and perjury after a nine-week federal trial during which prosecutors called over 90 witnesses, including al Qaeda informants and survivors of the bombings. Owhali and Mohamed face the death penalty at their sentencing, while Odeh and El Hage face life in prison. |
Bin Laden 
20/03: How freaky is this image?
If you look closer, this is not a very typical piece of art... especially the rabbit!
11/03: Top 10 Enduring Elements of Technology Entrepreneurship
Professor Tom Byers, Stanford UniversityStanford Technology Ventures Program (http://stvp.stanford.edu)
1. What is high-technology entrepreneurship? What is the difference between an idea and a business opportunity? High-tech entrepreneurship is a style of business leadership based on theprocess of identifying high-potential, technology-intensive business opportunities, gathering resources such as talent and cash, and managing rapid growth using principled, real-time decisionmaking skills. An attractive business opportunity consists of a great value proposition, technically feasible products, strong intellectual property, a sustainable competitive advantage, a large potential market, and a proven business model. It can be based on either a revolutionary breakthrough in technology or an evolutionary advancement; and it can target an existing market or create an entirely new one. This entrepreneurial process is relevant for both independent startups and within established corporations. Disruptive technologies are particularly interesting as discussed in Christensen's Innovator's Dilemma. See Technology Ventures by Dorf and Byers as a textbook.
2. Why do ventures require dynamic leaders who understand vision, strategy, risk, and tactics?
Entrepreneurship is a process that involves identifying and reducing four major types of risks over time: people, technology, market, and financial. This is accomplished by the right combination of vision, strategy and execution. Although a compelling vision (e.g., core values and mission) and a set of strategies (e.g., product and market) are important, it is often execution that differentiates great companies from good ones. An A+ team and adaptable leadership can guide a venture through its challenging journey of growth and adversity where everyone works diligently on clear goals. Built to Last by Collins and Porras is an excellent reference as is Competing on the Edge: Strategy as Structured Chaos by Eisenhardt.3. How does context (e.g., economic and political climate) play a role in high-tech entrepreneurship?
All kinds of external forces impact entrepreneurship and reinforce the need to understand the entrepreneurial process. For instance, economic cycles can fluctuate dramatically, fostering periods of extreme optimism as well as those of deep concern and fear. And in some industries, political and government influences are the primary market drivers (e.g., biotechnology). A venture's location also plays a role, as attitudes toward entrepreneurship are different everywhere. Places like Silicon Valley, for example, offer infrastructure, networks, and talent in an environment that accepts failure in the pursuit of innovation. Friedman's The World is Flat and The Silicon Valley Edge by Stanford University Press are good references.
4. What is market positioning? Why are partnership strategies important?
Positioning forces a high-tech entrepreneur to clearly identify what the product or service is, who the customers are, what benefit it delivers, and how it differs from the competition. Successful positioning requires understanding the technology adoption life cycle made famous in Crossing the Chasm by Moore and the development and nurturing of true value-added partnerships. Great entrepreneurs use every asset (e.g., vision and intellectual property) to create mutually beneficial social networks.
5. What is the purpose of the business plan?
A business plan details a venture's compelling value for a growing market of customers and outlines its mission and purpose. It also introduces the venture's team, its technological solution, and its economic or business model. It is necessary for both external use (e.g., raising venture capital, gaining customers, and creating partnerships) and internal use (e.g., tracking against objectives and milestones). It provides a compass for negotiating the unforeseeable challenges ahead, rather than a definitive roadmap to success. A key reference is Sahlman's How to Write a Great Business Plan article in Harvard Business Review.
6. Why is cash flow so vital?
High-tech entrepreneurship is a journey of incremental and rapid growth. Cash is a critical resource for reaching each funding milestone, which is defined by the reduction of some particular set of risks. Great startups always spend their cash wisely on the current "white hot risk". It gives stability and strategic flexibility to a venture as opportunities and problems arise. Cash facilitates the recruitment of an A+ team and the frugal ramp-up of operations. It is the one resource that cannot be allowed to go "negative," even for a short period of time. For startups, financing events are strategic and require substantial discipline, effort, and foresight.
7. What are the different sources of capital for high-tech ventures? What are the essentials of the venture finance process from both the investor's and founder's perspectives?
Sources available include traditional venture capital, angel investors, corporations, incubators, bank loans, personal funds, and even bootstrapping when necessary. Entrepreneurs should choose a source of funding that best fits their needs at each particular stage of the venture (e.g., startup versus expansion). Not all money has the same intrinsic value. For example, professionally managed venture capital contributes both strategic counselling and a network of contacts in addition to cash. Another key point is that valuation and subsequent dilution are not the only important issues. Understanding the venture finance process requires fully appreciating such concepts as multi-stage financing, valuation criteria, risk reduction, employee stock pools, deal structure and terms, corporate governance and control, and the role of liquidity events for stakeholders such as IPOs and M&A transactions. The IPO is foremost a financing event (albeit one with special characteristics) and certainly not the final destination for a startup. Key references are Gompers/Lerner's Money of Invention and Kawasaki's The Art of the Start
8. Why is high-tech entrepreneurship a team sport? How can reward systems and company culture inspire innovation? Successful innovation is a function of both creativity and teamwork.Developing an outstanding team requires setting a coherent and compelling vision, hiring and retaining people better than oneself, using proper recognition and compensation strategies (e.g., cash, stock options, and other rewards), enabling proper autonomy and delegation, and creating a culture where success is recognized and failure is allowed. Sound leadership is essential including experienced advisors and board members. A key reference is Weird Ideas that Work by Sutton.
9. Why are appropriate sales and business development skills so valuable?
The ability to gain the support of many different types of stakeholders (e.g., revenue and endorsements from real customers) is important for building momentum. Basic negotiation, influence and persuasion skills are critical. Successful entrepreneurs build lasting personal relationships based upon trust. Cialdini's Influence and Goleman's Primal Leadership are excellent references.
10. What is the role of ethics in high-technology entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship is not all about personal financial gain. It concerns crafting a lifelong plan to make a positive impact on society. Character does matter. Failure is OK; unethical behavior is not. True wealth requires the creation of enduring value, which requires integrity and ethics. Entrepreneurship and business are not just contact sports subject to their own arcane rules, but an integral part of life that reflect the values of each participant. A culture of dependability and professional trust starts with the founding team's initial behaviors. A key reference is Komisar's Monk and the Riddle.
*Special thanks to Randy Komisar, Richard Dorf, and all others who contributed to this list.
Drawn from Technology Ventures: From Idea to Enterprise by Dorf and Byers, McGraw-Hill, 2cd Ed. See textbook websites at http://www.mhhe.com/dorfbyers2e and http://techventures.stanford.edu. Please send comments to tbyers@stanford.edu at Stanford University. Revised Winter, 2007.
02/03: Snake
This is part of the bigger snake illusion. Even with the snake cut in half, it seem like its moving. This is just a static image. There are no animated parts to this picture.
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